Find mortgage loan statistics, lending data, and loan application totals for Michigan.
The mortgage statistics and data below are specific to mortgage loan applications for Premia Mortgage, Llc.
Search for mortgage lenders by state, county, or metropolitan area
and explore the loan application details and stats broken down by several loan categories from 2003-2021.
Mortgage Company & Address | Premia Mortgage, Llc 5480 Corporate Drive Suite 240 Troy, MI 48098 Tel #: available with data download |
Federal Regulator | * available with data download |
Years | 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | 2,997 |
Total Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $994,975,000 |
Average Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $259,500 |
Highest Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $2,405,000 |
Average Applicant Income | $109,500 |
Highest Applicant Income | $2,016,000 |
Overall mortgage application loan totals and averages for this lender are provided for each year by county, metro area, and the entire US.
The loan data is broken down by loan purpose, loan type, applicant race, application outcome, and denial reason. With this information, you can get a detailed view of locations
where the mortgage lender is actively processing applications as well as the types and outcomes of loans from these applications.
As you search for mortgage loan stats and lending data in MI, the totals and averages will help you understand where the lender does business as well as the volume of business they do.
County | Total Number of Mortgage Loan Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loans Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Application Amount | Average Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cumberland County Maine | 1 | $ 335,000 | $ 335,000 | $ 200,000 |
Kennebec County Maine | 1 | $ 205,000 | $ 205,000 | $ 49,000 |
Sagadahoc County Maine | 1 | $ 335,000 | $ 335,000 | $ 106,000 |
Baltimore County Maryland | 1 | $ 255,000 | $ 255,000 | $ 139,000 |
Carroll County Maryland | 1 | $ 425,000 | $ 425,000 | $ 107,000 |
Bristol County Massachusetts | 1 | $ 125,000 | $ 125,000 | $ 110,000 |
Hampden County Massachusetts | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 130,000 |
Allegan County Michigan | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 110,000 |
Alpena County Michigan | 1 | $ 55,000 | $ 55,000 | $ 79,000 |
Berrien County Michigan | 1 | $ 275,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 102,000 |
Clare County Michigan | 1 | $ 55,000 | $ 55,000 | $ 124,000 |
Delta County Michigan | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 72,000 |
Dickinson County Michigan | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 125,000 |
Grand Traverse County Michigan | 1 | $ 185,000 | $ 185,000 | $ 63,000 |
Huron County Michigan | 1 | $ 325,000 | $ 325,000 | $ 151,000 |
Jackson County Michigan | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 80,000 |
Lenawee County Michigan | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 128,000 |
Mecosta County Michigan | 1 | $ 145,000 | $ 145,000 | $ 140,000 |
Midland County Michigan | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 107,000 |
Missaukee County Michigan | 1 | $ 315,000 | $ 315,000 | $ 120,000 |
Muskegon County Michigan | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 115,000 |
Anoka County Minnesota | 1 | $ 255,000 | $ 255,000 | $ 90,000 |
Carlton County Minnesota | 1 | $ 125,000 | $ 125,000 | $ 115,000 |
Clay County Minnesota | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 102,000 |
Kandiyohi County Minnesota | 1 | $ 175,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 71,000 |
Olmsted County Minnesota | 1 | $ 415,000 | $ 415,000 | $ 150,000 |
Ramsey County Minnesota | 1 | $ 205,000 | $ 205,000 | $ 58,000 |
Redwood County Minnesota | 1 | $ 175,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 58,000 |
Sherburne County Minnesota | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 113,000 |
Covington County Mississippi | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 130,000 |
Harrison County Mississippi | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 113,000 |
Jackson County Mississippi | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 143,000 |
Lafayette County Mississippi | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 87,000 |
Lincoln County Mississippi | 1 | $ 175,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 97,000 |
Pearl River County Mississippi | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 76,000 |
Camden County Missouri | 1 | $ 425,000 | $ 425,000 | $ 187,000 |
Greene County Missouri | 1 | $ 185,000 | $ 185,000 | $ 75,000 |
Jefferson County Missouri | 1 | $ 325,000 | $ 325,000 | $ 110,000 |
Marion County Missouri | 1 | $ 255,000 | $ 255,000 | $ 106,000 |
Flathead County Montana | 1 | $ 325,000 | $ 325,000 | $ 94,000 |
Richland County Montana | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 85,000 |
Sweet Grass County Montana | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 49,000 |
Buffalo County Nebraska | 1 | $ 95,000 | $ 95,000 | $ 67,000 |
Cass County Nebraska | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 81,000 |
Sarpy County Nebraska | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 83,000 |
Sherman County Nebraska | 1 | $ 55,000 | $ 55,000 | $ 96,000 |
York County Nebraska | 1 | $ 155,000 | $ 155,000 | $ 60,000 |
Washoe County Nevada | 1 | $ 385,000 | $ 385,000 | $ 126,000 |
Merrimack County New Hampshire | 1 | $ 405,000 | $ 405,000 | $ 153,000 |
Strafford County New Hampshire | 1 | $ 315,000 | $ 315,000 | $ 274,000 |
Hudson County New Jersey | 1 | $ 575,000 | $ 575,000 | $ 169,000 |
Ocean County New Jersey | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 113,000 |
Salem County New Jersey | 1 | $ 345,000 | $ 345,000 | $ 185,000 |
Sussex County New Jersey | 1 | $ 335,000 | $ 335,000 | $ 72,000 |
San Juan County New Mexico | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 119,000 |
Santa Fe County New Mexico | 1 | $ 485,000 | $ 485,000 | $ 205,000 |
Valencia County New Mexico | 1 | $ 205,000 | $ 205,000 | $ 119,000 |
Albany County New York | 1 | $ 485,000 | $ 485,000 | $ 153,000 |
Cattaraugus County New York | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 134,000 |
Franklin County New York | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 166,000 |
Greene County New York | 1 | $ 315,000 | $ 315,000 | $ 215,000 |
Orange County New York | 1 | $ 445,000 | $ 445,000 | $ 175,000 |
Schenectady County New York | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 95,000 |
Tompkins County New York | 1 | $ 405,000 | $ 405,000 | $ 155,000 |
Buncombe County North Carolina | 1 | $ 325,000 | $ 325,000 | $ 124,000 |
Chowan County North Carolina | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 88,000 |
Jackson County North Carolina | 1 | $ 295,000 | $ 295,000 | $ 103,000 |
Orange County North Carolina | 1 | $ 495,000 | $ 495,000 | $ 182,000 |
Pender County North Carolina | 1 | $ 255,000 | $ 255,000 | $ 78,000 |
Rockingham County North Carolina | 1 | $ 285,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 95,000 |
Stanly County North Carolina | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 125,000 |
Wayne County North Carolina | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 90,000 |
Grand Forks County North Dakota | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 134,000 |
Hettinger County North Dakota | 1 | $ 115,000 | $ 115,000 | $ 98,000 |
McKenzie County North Dakota | 1 | $ 315,000 | $ 315,000 | $ 135,000 |
Richland County North Dakota | 1 | $ 345,000 | $ 345,000 | $ 115,000 |
Ward County North Dakota | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 94,000 |
Allen County Ohio | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 83,000 |
Athens County Ohio | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 87,000 |
Cuyahoga County Ohio | 1 | $ 445,000 | $ 445,000 | $ 157,000 |
Defiance County Ohio | 1 | $ 115,000 | $ 115,000 | $ 89,000 |
Delaware County Ohio | 1 | $ 465,000 | $ 465,000 | $ 312,000 |
Franklin County Ohio | 1 | $ 75,000 | $ 75,000 | $ 280,000 |
Lake County Ohio | 1 | $ 185,000 | $ 185,000 | $ 127,000 |
Licking County Ohio | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 87,000 |
Madison County Ohio | 1 | $ 465,000 | $ 465,000 | $ 133,000 |
Medina County Ohio | 1 | $ 425,000 | $ 425,000 | $ 159,000 |
Meigs County Ohio | 1 | $ 305,000 | $ 305,000 | $ 152,000 |
Montgomery County Ohio | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 152,000 |
Pickaway County Ohio | 1 | $ 185,000 | $ 185,000 | $ 110,000 |
Ross County Ohio | 1 | $ 275,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 113,000 |
Canadian County Oklahoma | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 126,000 |
Kay County Oklahoma | 1 | $ 185,000 | $ 185,000 | $ 97,000 |
Logan County Oklahoma | 1 | $ 285,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 79,000 |
Muskogee County Oklahoma | 1 | $ 105,000 | $ 105,000 | $ 82,000 |
Osage County Oklahoma | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 59,000 |
Rogers County Oklahoma | 1 | $ 155,000 | $ 155,000 | $ 168,000 |
Wagoner County Oklahoma | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 71,000 |
Deschutes County Oregon | 1 | $ 325,000 | $ 325,000 | $ 127,000 |
Lane County Oregon | 1 | $ 475,000 | $ 475,000 | $ 112,000 |
Marion County Oregon | 1 | $ 275,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 127,000 |
Multnomah County Oregon | 1 | $ 435,000 | $ 435,000 | $ 255,000 |
Washington County Oregon | 1 | $ 365,000 | $ 365,000 | $ 135,000 |
Erie County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 195,000 | $ 195,000 | $ 102,000 |
Fayette County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 285,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 135,000 |
Luzerne County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 62,000 |
Lycoming County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 118,000 |
Monroe County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 175,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 57,000 |
Montour County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 305,000 | $ 305,000 | $ 74,000 |
Perry County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 115,000 |
Schuylkill County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 75,000 | $ 75,000 | $ 23,000 |
Westmoreland County Pennsylvania | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 69,000 |
Bristol County Rhode Island | 1 | $ 595,000 | $ 595,000 | $ 190,000 |
Kent County Rhode Island | 1 | $ 285,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 138,000 |
Darlington County South Carolina | 1 | $ 195,000 | $ 195,000 | $ 180,000 |
Spartanburg County South Carolina | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 137,000 |
Clay County South Dakota | 1 | $ 315,000 | $ 315,000 | $ 106,000 |
Lincoln County South Dakota | 1 | $ 275,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 120,000 |
Bedford County Tennessee | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 113,000 |
Coffee County Tennessee | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 92,000 |
Hawkins County Tennessee | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 90,000 |
Hickman County Tennessee | 1 | $ 95,000 | $ 95,000 | $ 113,000 |
Jefferson County Tennessee | 1 | $ 395,000 | $ 395,000 | $ 143,000 |
Marshall County Tennessee | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 63,000 |
Perry County Tennessee | 1 | $ 145,000 | $ 145,000 | $ 107,000 |
Tipton County Tennessee | 1 | $ 305,000 | $ 305,000 | $ 146,000 |
Atascosa County Texas | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 80,000 |
Bowie County Texas | 1 | $ 185,000 | $ 185,000 | $ 128,000 |
Burleson County Texas | 1 | $ 275,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 200,000 |
Eastland County Texas | 1 | $ 185,000 | $ 185,000 | $ 75,000 |
Fayette County Texas | 1 | $ 195,000 | $ 195,000 | $ 110,000 |
Gregg County Texas | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 144,000 |
Hays County Texas | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 122,000 |
Kendall County Texas | 1 | $ 375,000 | $ 375,000 | $ 172,000 |
Lamar County Texas | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 190,000 |
Nacogdoches County Texas | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 134,000 |
Polk County Texas | 1 | $ 155,000 | $ 155,000 | $ 75,000 |
San Patricio County Texas | 1 | $ 285,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 105,000 |
Uvalde County Texas | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 125,000 |
Cache County Utah | 1 | $ 315,000 | $ 315,000 | $ 125,000 |
Carbon County Utah | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 104,000 |
Duchesne County Utah | 1 | $ 95,000 | $ 95,000 | $ 82,000 |
Washington County Utah | 1 | $ 485,000 | $ 485,000 | $ 186,000 |
Orleans County Vermont | 1 | $ 185,000 | $ 185,000 | $ 117,000 |
Windsor County Vermont | 1 | $ 155,000 | $ 155,000 | $ 76,000 |
Alleghany County Virginia | 1 | $ 155,000 | $ 155,000 | $ 89,000 |
Caroline County Virginia | 1 | $ 305,000 | $ 305,000 | $ 129,000 |
Cumberland County Virginia | 1 | $ 175,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 75,000 |
Frederick County Virginia | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 101,000 |
Hampton County Virginia | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 160,000 |
Harrisonburg County Virginia | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 84,000 |
Henrico County Virginia | 1 | $ 415,000 | $ 415,000 | $ 169,000 |
King William County Virginia | 1 | $ 175,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 88,000 |
Manassas County Virginia | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 53,000 |
Portsmouth County Virginia | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 230,000 |
Roanoke County Virginia | 1 | $ 285,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 100,000 |
Salem County Virginia | 1 | $ 205,000 | $ 205,000 | $ 83,000 |
Winchester County Virginia | 1 | $ 275,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 240,000 |
Kitsap County Washington | 1 | $ 125,000 | $ 125,000 | $ 134,000 |
Klickitat County Washington | 1 | $ 435,000 | $ 435,000 | $ 93,000 |
Skagit County Washington | 1 | $ 315,000 | $ 315,000 | $ 250,000 |
Marion County West Virginia | 1 | $ 175,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 77,000 |
Monongalia County West Virginia | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 135,000 |
Preston County West Virginia | 1 | $ 125,000 | $ 125,000 | $ 114,000 |
Raleigh County West Virginia | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 81,000 |
Barron County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 82,000 |
Florence County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 135,000 |
Fond du Lac County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 205,000 | $ 205,000 | $ 118,000 |
Lincoln County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 275,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 127,000 |
Marathon County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 90,000 |
Rock County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 255,000 | $ 255,000 | $ 95,000 |
Sauk County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 165,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 74,000 |
Sheboygan County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 85,000 |
Waupaca County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 205,000 | $ 205,000 | $ 80,000 |
Waushara County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 92,000 |
Winnebago County Wisconsin | 1 | $ 145,000 | $ 145,000 | $ 98,000 |
Laramie County Wyoming | 1 | $ 215,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 98,000 |
Sweetwater County Wyoming | 1 | $ 345,000 | $ 345,000 | $ 98,000 |
The mortgage data stats below are displayed in sortable categories such as loan purpose, race of mortgage applicant, loan type, the outcome of the application, and reason for denial.
Each category breaks down the total number of mortgage applications, the total dollar amount for those applications, the average mortgage amount, the highest mortgage loan applied for within that category,
the average income of the mortgage applicants, and the highest income of the mortgage applicants.
You can also download the entire list of mortgage lenders along with their aggregated lending data for the state of Michigan,
and search the same numbers and information back through 2003.
Loan Purpose |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home Purchase | 2,868 | $956,930,000 | $333,000 | $2,405,000 | $144,000 | $2,016,000 |
Refinancing | 100 | $30,820,000 | $308,000 | $725,000 | $142,000 | $365,000 |
Cash-out Refinancing | 27 | $6,945,000 | $257,000 | $455,000 | $104,000 | $182,000 |
Home Improvement | 2 | $280,000 | $140,000 | $205,000 | $48,000 | $50,000 |
Not Applicable | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Other Purpose | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Applicant Race |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 1,840 | $602,020,000 | $327,000 | $1,685,000 | $140,000 | $565,000 |
Not Provided | 618 | $210,070,000 | $339,000 | $1,425,000 | $152,000 | $2,016,000 |
Hispanic | 214 | $69,910,000 | $326,000 | $1,045,000 | $138,000 | $325,000 |
Asian | 164 | $59,280,000 | $361,000 | $2,405,000 | $156,000 | $514,000 |
Black or African American | 142 | $47,400,000 | $333,000 | $865,000 | $141,000 | $745,000 |
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 8 | $1,830,000 | $228,000 | $315,000 | $104,000 | $144,000 |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 4 | $1,700,000 | $425,000 | $615,000 | $146,000 | $260,000 |
Not applicable | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Loan Type |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conventional (any loan other than FHA, VA, FSA, or RHS loans) | 2,490 | $834,940,000 | $335,000 | $2,405,000 | $149,000 | $2,016,000 |
VA-guaranteed (Veterans Administration) | 286 | $104,000,000 | $363,000 | $995,000 | $128,000 | $290,000 |
FHA-insured (Federal Housing Administration) | 221 | $56,035,000 | $253,000 | $625,000 | $104,000 | $243,000 |
FSA/RHS (Farm Service Agency or Rural Housing Service) | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Outcome |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loan Originated | 2,421 | $794,685,000 | $328,000 | $1,685,000 | $142,000 | $792,000 |
Application Denied By Financial Institution | 404 | $138,520,000 | $342,000 | $2,405,000 | $152,000 | $2,016,000 |
Application Withdrawn By Applicant | 161 | $58,075,000 | $360,000 | $1,055,000 | $147,000 | $565,000 |
Application Approved But Not Accepted | 11 | $3,695,000 | $335,000 | $445,000 | $157,000 | $274,000 |
File Closed For Incompleteness | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Loan Purchased By The Institution | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Preapproval Approved but not Accepted | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Preapproval Denied by Financial Institution | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Denial Reason |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not applicable | 2,593 | $856,455,000 | $330,000 | $1,685,000 | $142,000 | $792,000 |
Unverifiable Information | 261 | $91,155,000 | $349,000 | $1,005,000 | $161,000 | $2,016,000 |
Collateral | 103 | $31,855,000 | $309,000 | $975,000 | $137,000 | $360,000 |
Debt-To-Income Ratio | 11 | $3,105,000 | $282,000 | $425,000 | $94,000 | $138,000 |
Credit History | 10 | $2,460,000 | $246,000 | $565,000 | $117,000 | $195,000 |
Insufficient Cash (Downpayment, Closing Cost) | 8 | $4,820,000 | $602,000 | $2,405,000 | $170,000 | $514,000 |
Other | 6 | $3,770,000 | $628,000 | $1,425,000 | $177,000 | $298,000 |
Credit Application Incomplete | 4 | $1,050,000 | $262,000 | $365,000 | $110,000 | $148,000 |
Employment History | 1 | $305,000 | $305,000 | $305,000 | $121,000 | $121,000 |
Mortgage Insurance Denied | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
These totals and details for mortgage applications will give you a better idea of what to expect when researching mortgage lenders. Whether you are looking for a home loan, for home refinancing, or for home improvement loan statistics, we have the information you need. This mortgage loan data gives you everything you need to know as you start your search for the best lenders in MI, and gives you an idea of what the best mortgage lenders really are.
If you prefer, you can download a copy of the entire list of mortgage lenders in Michigan, and search similar information at your convenience.