Independent Bank
Mortgage Loan Application
Totals and Details
for 2021
Find mortgage loan statistics, lending data, and loan application totals for Michigan.
The mortgage statistics and data below are specific to mortgage loan applications for Independent Bank.
Search for mortgage lenders by state, county, or metropolitan area
and explore the loan application details and stats broken down by several loan categories from 2003-2021.
| Mortgage Company & Address | Independent Bank 4200 East Beltline Grand Rapids, MI 49525 Tel #: available with data download |
| Federal Regulator | * available with data download |
| Years | 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 |
| Total Number of Mortgage Applications | 9,809 |
| Total Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $2,423,255,000 |
| Average Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $182,833 |
| Highest Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $2,805,000 |
| Average Applicant Income | $107,333 |
| Highest Applicant Income | $2,493,000 |
Overall mortgage application loan totals and averages for this lender are provided for each year by county, metro area, and the entire US.
The loan data is broken down by loan purpose, loan type, applicant race, application outcome, and denial reason. With this information, you can get a detailed view of locations
where the mortgage lender is actively processing applications as well as the types and outcomes of loans from these applications.
As you search for mortgage loan stats and lending data in MI, the totals and averages will help you understand where the lender does business as well as the volume of business they do.
| County | Total Number of Mortgage Loan Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loans Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Application Amount | Average Applicant Income |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kent County Michigan | 1,430 | $ 345,400,000 | $ 241,000 | $ 123,000 |
| Oakland County Michigan | 870 | $ 352,190,000 | $ 404,000 | $ 201,000 |
| Wayne County Michigan | 673 | $ 172,795,000 | $ 256,000 | $ 132,000 |
| Grand Traverse County Michigan | 451 | $ 120,345,000 | $ 266,000 | $ 140,000 |
| Livingston County Michigan | 437 | $ 130,245,000 | $ 298,000 | $ 151,000 |
| Ottawa County Michigan | 289 | $ 71,595,000 | $ 247,000 | $ 128,000 |
| Bay County Michigan | 288 | $ 32,870,000 | $ 114,000 | $ 78,000 |
| Washtenaw County Michigan | 281 | $ 84,805,000 | $ 301,000 | $ 176,000 |
| Macomb County Michigan | 280 | $ 67,400,000 | $ 240,000 | $ 114,000 |
| Saginaw County Michigan | 278 | $ 44,240,000 | $ 159,000 | $ 89,000 |
| Ingham County Michigan | 274 | $ 47,110,000 | $ 171,000 | $ 96,000 |
| Ionia County Michigan | 266 | $ 39,620,000 | $ 148,000 | $ 81,000 |
| Newaygo County Michigan | 241 | $ 33,515,000 | $ 139,000 | $ 72,000 |
| Eaton County Michigan | 223 | $ 32,895,000 | $ 147,000 | $ 76,000 |
| Muskegon County Michigan | 214 | $ 34,070,000 | $ 159,000 | $ 94,000 |
| Montcalm County Michigan | 201 | $ 30,645,000 | $ 152,000 | $ 80,000 |
| Summit County Ohio | 183 | $ 53,215,000 | $ 290,000 | $ 170,000 |
| Leelanau County Michigan | 144 | $ 42,580,000 | $ 295,000 | $ 163,000 |
| Genesee County Michigan | 136 | $ 33,030,000 | $ 242,000 | $ 145,000 |
| Franklin County Ohio | 113 | $ 52,695,000 | $ 466,000 | $ 251,000 |
| Berrien County Michigan | 111 | $ 35,245,000 | $ 317,000 | $ 187,000 |
| Tuscola County Michigan | 107 | $ 12,415,000 | $ 116,000 | $ 76,000 |
| Kalamazoo County Michigan | 102 | $ 24,380,000 | $ 239,000 | $ 147,000 |
| Allegan County Michigan | 98 | $ 27,780,000 | $ 283,000 | $ 175,000 |
| Mecosta County Michigan | 94 | $ 11,580,000 | $ 123,000 | $ 80,000 |
| Antrim County Michigan | 86 | $ 26,730,000 | $ 310,000 | $ 172,000 |
| Huron County Michigan | 86 | $ 8,400,000 | $ 97,000 | $ 69,000 |
| Jackson County Michigan | 82 | $ 13,790,000 | $ 168,000 | $ 86,000 |
| Delaware County Ohio | 80 | $ 44,400,000 | $ 555,000 | $ 241,000 |
| Barry County Michigan | 79 | $ 15,235,000 | $ 192,000 | $ 114,000 |
| Midland County Michigan | 77 | $ 11,895,000 | $ 154,000 | $ 98,000 |
| Clinton County Michigan | 75 | $ 14,545,000 | $ 193,000 | $ 135,000 |
| Lapeer County Michigan | 69 | $ 12,445,000 | $ 180,000 | $ 93,000 |
| Wexford County Michigan | 66 | $ 10,990,000 | $ 166,000 | $ 102,000 |
| Benzie County Michigan | 62 | $ 14,220,000 | $ 229,000 | $ 136,000 |
| Charlevoix County Michigan | 62 | $ 28,140,000 | $ 453,000 | $ 317,000 |
| Shiawassee County Michigan | 62 | $ 9,240,000 | $ 149,000 | $ 76,000 |
| Medina County Ohio | 57 | $ 25,495,000 | $ 447,000 | $ 203,000 |
| Isabella County Michigan | 54 | $ 7,530,000 | $ 139,000 | $ 74,000 |
| Kalkaska County Michigan | 46 | $ 8,020,000 | $ 174,000 | $ 86,000 |
| Calhoun County Michigan | 44 | $ 7,520,000 | $ 170,000 | $ 73,000 |
| Cuyahoga County Ohio | 44 | $ 13,990,000 | $ 317,000 | $ 180,000 |
| Van Buren County Michigan | 42 | $ 11,310,000 | $ 269,000 | $ 148,000 |
| Missaukee County Michigan | 36 | $ 7,250,000 | $ 201,000 | $ 118,000 |
| Arenac County Michigan | 35 | $ 4,465,000 | $ 127,000 | $ 92,000 |
| Oceana County Michigan | 33 | $ 5,785,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 108,000 |
| Manistee County Michigan | 29 | $ 5,805,000 | $ 200,000 | $ 157,000 |
| Sanilac County Michigan | 27 | $ 3,285,000 | $ 121,000 | $ 72,000 |
| Union County Ohio | 27 | $ 12,565,000 | $ 465,000 | $ 208,000 |
| Osceola County Michigan | 26 | $ 3,070,000 | $ 118,000 | $ 60,000 |
| Portage County Ohio | 26 | $ 7,260,000 | $ 279,000 | $ 149,000 |
| Gladwin County Michigan | 25 | $ 3,905,000 | $ 156,000 | $ 101,000 |
| St. Clair County Michigan | 25 | $ 6,145,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 115,000 |
| Stark County Ohio | 25 | $ 11,355,000 | $ 454,000 | $ 188,000 |
| Otsego County Michigan | 24 | $ 3,250,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 76,000 |
| Gratiot County Michigan | 22 | $ 3,090,000 | $ 140,000 | $ 99,000 |
| Clare County Michigan | 21 | $ 2,195,000 | $ 104,000 | $ 62,000 |
| Mason County Michigan | 20 | $ 4,060,000 | $ 203,000 | $ 112,000 |
| Fairfield County Ohio | 20 | $ 7,560,000 | $ 378,000 | $ 212,000 |
| Lee County Florida | 18 | $ 4,610,000 | $ 256,000 | $ 281,000 |
| Iosco County Michigan | 18 | $ 2,140,000 | $ 118,000 | $ 97,000 |
| Roscommon County Michigan | 18 | $ 2,500,000 | $ 138,000 | $ 108,000 |
| Emmet County Michigan | 17 | $ 6,515,000 | $ 383,000 | $ 196,000 |
| Cass County Michigan | 16 | $ 4,470,000 | $ 279,000 | $ 123,000 |
| Lake County Michigan | 16 | $ 1,800,000 | $ 112,000 | $ 69,000 |
| Licking County Ohio | 16 | $ 9,110,000 | $ 569,000 | $ 220,000 |
| Monroe County Michigan | 15 | $ 3,145,000 | $ 209,000 | $ 83,000 |
| LaPorte County Indiana | 12 | $ 4,220,000 | $ 351,000 | $ 352,000 |
| Wayne County Ohio | 12 | $ 3,800,000 | $ 316,000 | $ 166,000 |
| Lenawee County Michigan | 11 | $ 2,085,000 | $ 189,000 | $ 97,000 |
| Geauga County Ohio | 11 | $ 2,185,000 | $ 198,000 | $ 179,000 |
| Collier County Florida | 10 | $ 4,810,000 | $ 481,000 | $ 444,000 |
| Sarasota County Florida | 10 | $ 2,580,000 | $ 258,000 | $ 175,000 |
| Charlotte County Florida | 9 | $ 2,865,000 | $ 318,000 | $ 236,000 |
| Ogemaw County Michigan | 9 | $ 955,000 | $ 106,000 | $ 84,000 |
| Cook County Illinois | 8 | $ 3,680,000 | $ 460,000 | $ 362,000 |
| Pasco County Florida | 7 | $ 1,835,000 | $ 262,000 | $ 97,000 |
| Mackinac County Michigan | 7 | $ 1,585,000 | $ 226,000 | $ 226,000 |
| Lucas County Ohio | 7 | $ 1,915,000 | $ 273,000 | $ 224,000 |
| Alpena County Michigan | 6 | $ 710,000 | $ 118,000 | $ 84,000 |
| Cheboygan County Michigan | 6 | $ 1,250,000 | $ 208,000 | $ 152,000 |
| Crawford County Michigan | 6 | $ 930,000 | $ 155,000 | $ 121,000 |
| Hamilton County Ohio | 6 | $ 2,260,000 | $ 376,000 | $ 210,000 |
| Manatee County Florida | 5 | $ 1,875,000 | $ 375,000 | $ 282,000 |
| Will County Illinois | 5 | $ 1,015,000 | $ 203,000 | $ 84,000 |
| Alger County Michigan | 5 | $ 615,000 | $ 123,000 | $ 74,000 |
| Montmorency County Michigan | 5 | $ 595,000 | $ 119,000 | $ 91,000 |
| St. Joseph County Michigan | 5 | $ 1,145,000 | $ 229,000 | $ 76,000 |
| Lake County Ohio | 5 | $ 1,145,000 | $ 229,000 | $ 106,000 |
| Broward County Florida | 4 | $ 1,810,000 | $ 452,000 | $ 251,000 |
| Sumter County Florida | 4 | $ 840,000 | $ 210,000 | $ 125,000 |
| St. Joseph County Indiana | 4 | $ 720,000 | $ 180,000 | $ 76,000 |
| Alcona County Michigan | 4 | $ 820,000 | $ 205,000 | $ 136,000 |
| Oscoda County Michigan | 4 | $ 640,000 | $ 160,000 | $ 71,000 |
| Lorain County Ohio | 4 | $ 1,460,000 | $ 365,000 | $ 151,000 |
| Porter County Indiana | 3 | $ 765,000 | $ 255,000 | $ 100,000 |
| Branch County Michigan | 3 | $ 525,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 131,000 |
| Chippewa County Michigan | 3 | $ 295,000 | $ 98,000 | $ 145,000 |
| Hillsdale County Michigan | 3 | $ 645,000 | $ 215,000 | $ 98,000 |
| Luce County Michigan | 3 | $ 485,000 | $ 161,000 | $ 156,000 |
| Marquette County Michigan | 3 | $ 535,000 | $ 178,000 | $ 123,000 |
| Presque Isle County Michigan | 3 | $ 215,000 | $ 71,000 | $ 39,000 |
| Perry County Ohio | 3 | $ 1,515,000 | $ 505,000 | $ 220,000 |
| Tuscarawas County Ohio | 3 | $ 1,115,000 | $ 371,000 | $ 139,000 |
| Flagler County Florida | 2 | $ 540,000 | $ 270,000 | $ 93,000 |
| Hillsborough County Florida | 2 | $ 640,000 | $ 320,000 | $ 146,000 |
| Lake County Florida | 2 | $ 630,000 | $ 315,000 | $ 204,000 |
| Miami-Dade County Florida | 2 | $ 1,090,000 | $ 545,000 | $ 451,000 |
| Orange County Florida | 2 | $ 890,000 | $ 445,000 | $ 142,000 |
| Pinellas County Florida | 2 | $ 400,000 | $ 200,000 | $ 93,000 |
| Seminole County Florida | 2 | $ 660,000 | $ 330,000 | $ 94,000 |
| Wakulla County Florida | 2 | $ 810,000 | $ 405,000 | $ 209,000 |
| Lake County Illinois | 2 | $ 780,000 | $ 390,000 | $ 106,000 |
| Boone County Indiana | 2 | $ 740,000 | $ 370,000 | $ 215,000 |
| Brown County Indiana | 2 | $ 490,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 370,000 |
| Lake County Indiana | 2 | $ 520,000 | $ 260,000 | $ 69,000 |
| Dickinson County Michigan | 2 | $ 240,000 | $ 120,000 | $ 18,000 |
| Mecklenburg County North Carolina | 2 | $ 770,000 | $ 385,000 | $ 103,000 |
| Marion County Ohio | 2 | $ 230,000 | $ 115,000 | $ 95,000 |
| Noble County Ohio | 2 | $ 380,000 | $ 190,000 | $ 105,000 |
| Pickaway County Ohio | 2 | $ 850,000 | $ 425,000 | $ 159,000 |
| Brevard County Florida | 1 | $ 145,000 | $ 145,000 | $ 49,000 |
| Highlands County Florida | 1 | $ 85,000 | $ 85,000 | $ 66,000 |
| Martin County Florida | 1 | $ 545,000 | $ 545,000 | $ 387,000 |
| Okaloosa County Florida | 1 | $ 365,000 | $ 365,000 | $ 217,000 |
| Osceola County Florida | 1 | $ 195,000 | $ 195,000 | $ 114,000 |
| Palm Beach County Florida | 1 | $ 335,000 | $ 335,000 | $ 211,000 |
| St. Lucie County Florida | 1 | $ 135,000 | $ 135,000 | $ 80,000 |
| Volusia County Florida | 1 | $ 275,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 195,000 |
| Walton County Florida | 1 | $ 65,000 | $ 65,000 | $ 131,000 |
| DuPage County Illinois | 1 | $ 205,000 | $ 205,000 | $ 104,000 |
| McLean County Illinois | 1 | $ 295,000 | $ 295,000 | $ 153,000 |
| Allen County Indiana | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 130,000 |
| Carroll County Indiana | 1 | $ 295,000 | $ 295,000 | $ 370,000 |
| Hamilton County Indiana | 1 | $ 415,000 | $ 415,000 | $ 352,000 |
| Hendricks County Indiana | 1 | $ 385,000 | $ 385,000 | $ 212,000 |
| Marion County Indiana | 1 | $ 115,000 | $ 115,000 | $ 66,000 |
| Warrick County Indiana | 1 | $ 225,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 120,000 |
| Gogebic County Michigan | 1 | $ 95,000 | $ 95,000 | $ 176,000 |
| Houghton County Michigan | 1 | $ 155,000 | $ 155,000 | $ 287,000 |
| Menominee County Michigan | 1 | $ 265,000 | $ 265,000 | $ 110,000 |
| Schoolcraft County Michigan | 1 | $ 75,000 | $ 75,000 | $ 117,000 |
| Dare County North Carolina | 1 | $ 395,000 | $ 395,000 | $ 290,000 |
| Haywood County North Carolina | 1 | $ 295,000 | $ 295,000 | $ 233,000 |
| Onslow County North Carolina | 1 | $ 785,000 | $ 785,000 | $ 1,560,000 |
| Union County North Carolina | 1 | $ 485,000 | $ 485,000 | $ 246,000 |
| Allen County Ohio | 1 | $ 285,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 115,000 |
| Ashtabula County Ohio | 1 | $ 385,000 | $ 385,000 | $ 153,000 |
| Athens County Ohio | 1 | $ 145,000 | $ 145,000 | $ 470,000 |
| Butler County Ohio | 1 | $ 405,000 | $ 405,000 | $ 245,000 |
| Champaign County Ohio | 1 | $ 305,000 | $ 305,000 | $ 91,000 |
| Clark County Ohio | 1 | $ 405,000 | $ 405,000 | $ 261,000 |
| Fayette County Ohio | 1 | $ 335,000 | $ 335,000 | $ 121,000 |
| Fulton County Ohio | 1 | $ 125,000 | $ 125,000 | $ 71,000 |
| Greene County Ohio | 1 | $ 125,000 | $ 125,000 | $ 60,000 |
| Guernsey County Ohio | 1 | $ 105,000 | $ 105,000 | $ 92,000 |
| Hocking County Ohio | 1 | $ 1,085,000 | $ 1,085,000 | $ 308,000 |
| Knox County Ohio | 1 | $ 1,555,000 | $ 1,555,000 | $ 323,000 |
| Madison County Ohio | 1 | $ 375,000 | $ 375,000 | $ 115,000 |
| Mahoning County Ohio | 1 | $ 95,000 | $ 95,000 | $ 137,000 |
| Miami County Ohio | 1 | $ 45,000 | $ 45,000 | $ 23,000 |
| Monroe County Ohio | 1 | $ 235,000 | $ 235,000 | $ 77,000 |
| Morrow County Ohio | 1 | $ 255,000 | $ 255,000 | $ 88,000 |
| Ross County Ohio | 1 | $ 735,000 | $ 735,000 | $ 240,000 |
| Williams County Ohio | 1 | $ 325,000 | $ 325,000 | $ 450,000 |
| Wood County Ohio | 1 | $ 45,000 | $ 45,000 | $ 285,000 |
The mortgage data stats below are displayed in sortable categories such as loan purpose, race of mortgage applicant, loan type, the outcome of the application, and reason for denial.
Each category breaks down the total number of mortgage applications, the total dollar amount for those applications, the average mortgage amount, the highest mortgage loan applied for within that category,
the average income of the mortgage applicants, and the highest income of the mortgage applicants.
You can also download the entire list of mortgage lenders along with their aggregated lending data for the state of Michigan,
and search the same numbers and information back through 2003.
Mortgage Loan Application Detail Totals for Independent Bank in 2021
Loan Purpose |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Purchase | 4,140 | $1,259,730,000 | $304,000 | $2,805,000 | $150,000 | $2,176,000 |
| Refinancing | 2,914 | $664,250,000 | $227,000 | $2,505,000 | $125,000 | $2,493,000 |
| Cash-out Refinancing | 1,805 | $392,185,000 | $217,000 | $2,205,000 | $112,000 | $2,350,000 |
| Home Improvement | 483 | $55,225,000 | $114,000 | $2,145,000 | $132,000 | $1,137,000 |
| Other Purpose | 443 | $48,845,000 | $110,000 | $1,645,000 | $125,000 | $1,405,000 |
| Not Applicable | 24 | $3,020,000 | $125,000 | $375,000 | $0 | $0 |
Applicant Race |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 8,310 | $2,021,550,000 | $243,000 | $2,625,000 | $131,000 | $2,493,000 |
| Not Provided | 641 | $171,195,000 | $267,000 | $2,725,000 | $156,000 | $1,405,000 |
| Black or African American | 233 | $52,275,000 | $224,000 | $1,675,000 | $124,000 | $1,906,000 |
| Hispanic | 214 | $50,270,000 | $234,000 | $1,805,000 | $124,000 | $1,162,000 |
| Not applicable | 183 | $37,645,000 | $205,000 | $945,000 | $0 | $0 |
| Asian | 145 | $62,235,000 | $429,000 | $2,805,000 | $189,000 | $1,832,000 |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 36 | $7,930,000 | $220,000 | $1,295,000 | $99,000 | $313,000 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 | $135,000 | $135,000 | $135,000 | $65,000 | $65,000 |
Loan Type |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional (any loan other than FHA, VA, FSA, or RHS loans) | 9,338 | $2,340,380,000 | $250,000 | $2,805,000 | $136,000 | $2,493,000 |
| FHA-insured (Federal Housing Administration) | 333 | $53,295,000 | $160,000 | $365,000 | $60,000 | $302,000 |
| VA-guaranteed (Veterans Administration) | 94 | $23,090,000 | $245,000 | $755,000 | $87,000 | $339,000 |
| FSA/RHS (Farm Service Agency or Rural Housing Service) | 44 | $6,490,000 | $147,000 | $335,000 | $50,000 | $81,000 |
Outcome |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loan Originated | 7,384 | $1,877,370,000 | $254,000 | $2,805,000 | $136,000 | $2,176,000 |
| Application Withdrawn By Applicant | 1,280 | $305,070,000 | $238,000 | $2,405,000 | $136,000 | $2,493,000 |
| Application Denied By Financial Institution | 642 | $111,050,000 | $172,000 | $1,805,000 | $86,000 | $1,162,000 |
| File Closed For Incompleteness | 290 | $84,790,000 | $292,000 | $2,005,000 | $146,000 | $1,237,000 |
| Loan Purchased By The Institution | 161 | $31,625,000 | $196,000 | $535,000 | $0 | $0 |
| Application Approved But Not Accepted | 52 | $13,350,000 | $256,000 | $2,725,000 | $131,000 | $579,000 |
| Preapproval Approved but not Accepted | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| Preapproval Denied by Financial Institution | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Denial Reason |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not applicable | 9,167 | $2,312,205,000 | $252,000 | $2,805,000 | $137,000 | $2,493,000 |
| Debt-To-Income Ratio | 268 | $50,070,000 | $186,000 | $1,235,000 | $55,000 | $257,000 |
| Credit History | 259 | $35,785,000 | $138,000 | $1,395,000 | $93,000 | $821,000 |
| Collateral | 70 | $13,410,000 | $191,000 | $995,000 | $148,000 | $431,000 |
| Other | 22 | $7,170,000 | $325,000 | $1,805,000 | $190,000 | $1,162,000 |
| Insufficient Cash (Downpayment, Closing Cost) | 10 | $2,840,000 | $284,000 | $685,000 | $135,000 | $611,000 |
| Employment History | 9 | $1,195,000 | $132,000 | $235,000 | $27,000 | $57,000 |
| Mortgage Insurance Denied | 3 | $395,000 | $131,000 | $245,000 | $165,000 | $221,000 |
| Unverifiable Information | 1 | $185,000 | $185,000 | $185,000 | $43,000 | $43,000 |
| Credit Application Incomplete | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
These totals and details for mortgage applications will give you a better idea of what to expect when researching mortgage lenders. Whether you are looking for a home loan, for home refinancing, or for home improvement loan statistics, we have the information you need. This mortgage loan data gives you everything you need to know as you start your search for the best lenders in MI, and gives you an idea of what the best mortgage lenders really are.
If you prefer, you can download a copy of the entire list of mortgage lenders in Michigan, and search similar information at your convenience.