Find mortgage loan statistics, lending data, and loan application totals for Michigan.
The mortgage statistics and data below are specific to mortgage loan applications for Comerica Bank.
Search for mortgage lenders by state, county, or metropolitan area
and explore the loan application details and stats broken down by several loan categories from 2003-2021.
Mortgage Company & Address | Comerica Bank 500 Woodward Ave - Mc 3352 Detroit, MI 48226 Tel #: available with data download |
Federal Regulator | * available with data download |
Years | 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | 4,397 |
Total Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $893,103,000 |
Average Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $163,333 |
Highest Mortgage Loan Application Amount | $20,000,000 |
Average Applicant Income | $121,333 |
Highest Applicant Income | $9,999,000 |
Overall mortgage application loan totals and averages for this lender are provided for each year by county, metro area, and the entire US.
The loan data is broken down by loan purpose, loan type, applicant race, application outcome, and denial reason. With this information, you can get a detailed view of locations
where the mortgage lender is actively processing applications as well as the types and outcomes of loans from these applications.
As you search for mortgage loan stats and lending data in MI, the totals and averages will help you understand where the lender does business as well as the volume of business they do.
County | Total Number of Mortgage Loan Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loans Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Application Amount | Average Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oakland County Michigan | 751 | $ 142,256,000 | $ 189,000 | $ 122,000 |
Wayne County Michigan | 642 | $ 69,239,000 | $ 107,000 | $ 75,000 |
Macomb County Michigan | 486 | $ 62,471,000 | $ 128,000 | $ 71,000 |
Dallas County Texas | 218 | $ 40,764,000 | $ 186,000 | $ 108,000 |
Harris County Texas | 202 | $ 31,529,000 | $ 156,000 | $ 125,000 |
Washtenaw County Michigan | 168 | $ 32,913,000 | $ 195,000 | $ 110,000 |
Jackson County Michigan | 143 | $ 18,530,000 | $ 129,000 | $ 67,000 |
Kent County Michigan | 108 | $ 13,485,000 | $ 124,000 | $ 78,000 |
Los Angeles County California | 99 | $ 72,972,000 | $ 737,000 | $ 317,000 |
Livingston County Michigan | 86 | $ 15,306,000 | $ 177,000 | $ 88,000 |
Muskegon County Michigan | 81 | $ 7,696,000 | $ 95,000 | $ 71,000 |
Travis County Texas | 79 | $ 17,841,000 | $ 225,000 | $ 134,000 |
Calhoun County Michigan | 76 | $ 10,773,000 | $ 141,000 | $ 75,000 |
Ottawa County Michigan | 67 | $ 9,026,000 | $ 134,000 | $ 75,000 |
Santa Clara County California | 61 | $ 31,604,000 | $ 518,000 | $ 186,000 |
Fort Bend County Texas | 56 | $ 8,951,000 | $ 159,000 | $ 102,000 |
Collin County Texas | 55 | $ 12,485,000 | $ 227,000 | $ 161,000 |
Tarrant County Texas | 52 | $ 9,510,000 | $ 182,000 | $ 101,000 |
Ingham County Michigan | 51 | $ 5,407,000 | $ 106,000 | $ 79,000 |
Orange County California | 47 | $ 28,531,000 | $ 607,000 | $ 253,000 |
Palm Beach County Florida | 46 | $ 23,702,000 | $ 515,000 | $ 305,000 |
Maricopa County Arizona | 42 | $ 20,214,000 | $ 481,000 | $ 239,000 |
Kalamazoo County Michigan | 42 | $ 6,943,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 127,000 |
Broward County Florida | 33 | $ 8,501,000 | $ 257,000 | $ 320,000 |
Midland County Michigan | 31 | $ 4,050,000 | $ 130,000 | $ 72,000 |
San Diego County California | 29 | $ 16,358,000 | $ 564,000 | $ 319,000 |
Santa Cruz County California | 28 | $ 8,643,000 | $ 308,000 | $ 97,000 |
Lenawee County Michigan | 27 | $ 3,407,000 | $ 126,000 | $ 63,000 |
Monterey County California | 23 | $ 8,328,000 | $ 362,000 | $ 245,000 |
Denton County Texas | 23 | $ 5,669,000 | $ 246,000 | $ 185,000 |
Williamson County Texas | 22 | $ 3,145,000 | $ 142,000 | $ 90,000 |
Gladwin County Michigan | 21 | $ 2,369,000 | $ 112,000 | $ 62,000 |
Genesee County Michigan | 19 | $ 1,954,000 | $ 102,000 | $ 64,000 |
Eaton County Michigan | 18 | $ 2,504,000 | $ 139,000 | $ 73,000 |
St. Clair County Michigan | 18 | $ 2,407,000 | $ 133,000 | $ 99,000 |
San Mateo County California | 16 | $ 7,531,000 | $ 470,000 | $ 135,000 |
Ellis County Texas | 15 | $ 2,057,000 | $ 137,000 | $ 103,000 |
Alameda County California | 14 | $ 4,927,000 | $ 351,000 | $ 99,000 |
Riverside County California | 14 | $ 10,534,000 | $ 752,000 | $ 157,000 |
Montgomery County Texas | 14 | $ 2,488,000 | $ 177,000 | $ 124,000 |
Clinton County Michigan | 13 | $ 1,805,000 | $ 138,000 | $ 94,000 |
Brazoria County Texas | 12 | $ 1,827,000 | $ 152,000 | $ 138,000 |
Contra Costa County California | 11 | $ 4,408,000 | $ 400,000 | $ 147,000 |
Allegan County Michigan | 11 | $ 1,458,000 | $ 132,000 | $ 101,000 |
Collier County Florida | 10 | $ 8,133,000 | $ 813,000 | $ 928,000 |
Lapeer County Michigan | 10 | $ 891,000 | $ 89,000 | $ 61,000 |
Hillsdale County Michigan | 9 | $ 1,235,000 | $ 137,000 | $ 63,000 |
Monroe County Michigan | 9 | $ 1,456,000 | $ 161,000 | $ 78,000 |
Galveston County Texas | 9 | $ 1,876,000 | $ 208,000 | $ 109,000 |
Sacramento County California | 8 | $ 2,038,000 | $ 254,000 | $ 615,000 |
Barry County Michigan | 8 | $ 892,000 | $ 111,000 | $ 51,000 |
San Bernardino County California | 7 | $ 1,263,000 | $ 180,000 | $ 143,000 |
Lee County Florida | 7 | $ 5,070,000 | $ 724,000 | $ 211,000 |
Charlevoix County Michigan | 7 | $ 2,308,000 | $ 329,000 | $ 264,000 |
Antrim County Michigan | 5 | $ 840,000 | $ 168,000 | $ 189,000 |
Cheboygan County Michigan | 5 | $ 948,000 | $ 189,000 | $ 320,000 |
Clare County Michigan | 5 | $ 557,000 | $ 111,000 | $ 69,000 |
Emmet County Michigan | 5 | $ 749,000 | $ 149,000 | $ 176,000 |
Oceana County Michigan | 5 | $ 856,000 | $ 171,000 | $ 90,000 |
Van Buren County Michigan | 5 | $ 744,000 | $ 148,000 | $ 73,000 |
Kaufman County Texas | 5 | $ 490,000 | $ 98,000 | $ 91,000 |
Rockwall County Texas | 5 | $ 1,300,000 | $ 260,000 | $ 443,000 |
Manatee County Florida | 4 | $ 991,000 | $ 247,000 | $ 151,000 |
Orange County Florida | 4 | $ 624,000 | $ 156,000 | $ 71,000 |
Ionia County Michigan | 4 | $ 441,000 | $ 110,000 | $ 79,000 |
Mecosta County Michigan | 4 | $ 720,000 | $ 180,000 | $ 66,000 |
Montmorency County Michigan | 4 | $ 724,000 | $ 181,000 | $ 112,000 |
Roscommon County Michigan | 4 | $ 672,000 | $ 168,000 | $ 139,000 |
Gila County Arizona | 3 | $ 593,000 | $ 197,000 | $ 256,000 |
Pinal County Arizona | 3 | $ 504,000 | $ 168,000 | $ 122,000 |
Nevada County California | 3 | $ 1,380,000 | $ 460,000 | $ 392,000 |
Sonoma County California | 3 | $ 5,418,000 | $ 1,806,000 | $ 3,925,000 |
Ventura County California | 3 | $ 629,000 | $ 209,000 | $ 64,000 |
Marion County Florida | 3 | $ 339,000 | $ 113,000 | $ 63,000 |
Martin County Florida | 3 | $ 420,000 | $ 140,000 | $ 123,000 |
Miami-Dade County Florida | 3 | $ 711,000 | $ 237,000 | $ 143,000 |
Pasco County Florida | 3 | $ 249,000 | $ 83,000 | $ 89,000 |
Bay County Michigan | 3 | $ 253,000 | $ 84,000 | $ 81,000 |
Berrien County Michigan | 3 | $ 1,724,000 | $ 574,000 | $ 237,000 |
Huron County Michigan | 3 | $ 726,000 | $ 242,000 | $ 332,000 |
Iosco County Michigan | 3 | $ 642,000 | $ 214,000 | $ 139,000 |
Isabella County Michigan | 3 | $ 409,000 | $ 136,000 | $ 95,000 |
Lake County Michigan | 3 | $ 287,000 | $ 95,000 | $ 82,000 |
Saginaw County Michigan | 3 | $ 280,000 | $ 93,000 | $ 106,000 |
Sanilac County Michigan | 3 | $ 812,000 | $ 270,000 | $ 154,000 |
Bexar County Texas | 3 | $ 340,000 | $ 113,000 | $ 84,000 |
Henderson County Texas | 3 | $ 983,000 | $ 327,000 | $ 439,000 |
Hidalgo County Texas | 3 | $ 508,000 | $ 169,000 | $ 96,000 |
Hood County Texas | 3 | $ 418,000 | $ 139,000 | $ 107,000 |
San Francisco County California | 2 | $ 855,000 | $ 427,000 | $ 108,000 |
San Joaquin County California | 2 | $ 436,000 | $ 218,000 | $ 83,000 |
Yolo County California | 2 | $ 155,000 | $ 77,000 | $ 99,000 |
Charlotte County Florida | 2 | $ 200,000 | $ 100,000 | $ 67,000 |
Monroe County Florida | 2 | $ 550,000 | $ 275,000 | $ 143,000 |
Pinellas County Florida | 2 | $ 311,000 | $ 155,000 | $ 146,000 |
St. Lucie County Florida | 2 | $ 1,199,000 | $ 599,000 | $ 407,000 |
Cook County Illinois | 2 | $ 380,000 | $ 190,000 | $ 386,000 |
Kalkaska County Michigan | 2 | $ 570,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 182,000 |
Manistee County Michigan | 2 | $ 215,000 | $ 107,000 | $ 172,000 |
Mason County Michigan | 2 | $ 194,000 | $ 97,000 | $ 69,000 |
Montcalm County Michigan | 2 | $ 180,000 | $ 90,000 | $ 58,000 |
Osceola County Michigan | 2 | $ 43,000 | $ 21,000 | $ 40,000 |
Santa Fe County New Mexico | 2 | $ 1,413,000 | $ 706,000 | $ 73,000 |
Cuyahoga County Ohio | 2 | $ 1,255,000 | $ 627,000 | $ 718,000 |
Milam County Texas | 2 | $ 516,000 | $ 258,000 | $ 113,000 |
Parker County Texas | 2 | $ 173,000 | $ 86,000 | $ 62,000 |
Polk County Texas | 2 | $ 330,000 | $ 165,000 | $ 150,000 |
Titus County Texas | 2 | $ 472,000 | $ 236,000 | $ 341,000 |
Van Zandt County Texas | 2 | $ 394,000 | $ 197,000 | $ 143,000 |
Pima County Arizona | 1 | $ 191,000 | $ 191,000 | $ 97,000 |
Yavapai County Arizona | 1 | $ 499,000 | $ 499,000 | $ 799,000 |
El Dorado County California | 1 | $ 232,000 | $ 232,000 | $ 364,000 |
Kern County California | 1 | $ 172,000 | $ 172,000 | $ 56,000 |
Marin County California | 1 | $ 625,000 | $ 625,000 | $ 372,000 |
Placer County California | 1 | $ 388,000 | $ 388,000 | $ 77,000 |
San Benito County California | 1 | $ 164,000 | $ 164,000 | $ 52,000 |
San Luis Obispo County California | 1 | $ 393,000 | $ 393,000 | $ 309,000 |
Santa Barbara County California | 1 | $ 5,670,000 | $ 5,670,000 | $ 9,999,000 |
Stanislaus County California | 1 | $ 218,000 | $ 218,000 | $ 56,000 |
Sutter County California | 1 | $ 66,000 | $ 66,000 | $ 114,000 |
Tulare County California | 1 | $ 74,000 | $ 74,000 | $ 35,000 |
Eagle County Colorado | 1 | $ 6,200,000 | $ 6,200,000 | $ 1,142,000 |
San Miguel County Colorado | 1 | $ 417,000 | $ 417,000 | $ 416,000 |
New Haven County Connecticut | 1 | $ 864,000 | $ 864,000 | $ 65,000 |
Bay County Florida | 1 | $ 278,000 | $ 278,000 | $ 78,000 |
Brevard County Florida | 1 | $ 10,000 | $ 10,000 | $ 74,000 |
Flagler County Florida | 1 | $ 207,000 | $ 207,000 | $ 144,000 |
Hernando County Florida | 1 | $ 70,000 | $ 70,000 | $ 43,000 |
Hillsborough County Florida | 1 | $ 348,000 | $ 348,000 | $ 152,000 |
Indian River County Florida | 1 | $ 417,000 | $ 417,000 | $ 205,000 |
Leon County Florida | 1 | $ 177,000 | $ 177,000 | $ 105,000 |
Osceola County Florida | 1 | $ 520,000 | $ 520,000 | $ 180,000 |
Sarasota County Florida | 1 | $ 145,000 | $ 145,000 | $ 35,000 |
Sumter County Florida | 1 | $ 160,000 | $ 160,000 | $ 52,000 |
Walton County Florida | 1 | $ 417,000 | $ 417,000 | $ 268,000 |
Paulding County Georgia | 1 | $ 180,000 | $ 180,000 | $ 616,000 |
Kauai County Hawaii | 1 | $ 2,746,000 | $ 2,746,000 | $ 0 |
Maui County Hawaii | 1 | $ 710,000 | $ 710,000 | $ 146,000 |
Blaine County Idaho | 1 | $ 1,069,000 | $ 1,069,000 | $ 2,385,000 |
Orleans County Louisiana | 1 | $ 700,000 | $ 700,000 | $ 301,000 |
Benzie County Michigan | 1 | $ 251,000 | $ 251,000 | $ 100,000 |
Branch County Michigan | 1 | $ 303,000 | $ 303,000 | $ 214,000 |
Chippewa County Michigan | 1 | $ 194,000 | $ 194,000 | $ 119,000 |
Crawford County Michigan | 1 | $ 46,000 | $ 46,000 | $ 100,000 |
Grand Traverse County Michigan | 1 | $ 105,000 | $ 105,000 | $ 47,000 |
Leelanau County Michigan | 1 | $ 417,000 | $ 417,000 | $ 1,054,000 |
Newaygo County Michigan | 1 | $ 60,000 | $ 60,000 | $ 55,000 |
Ogemaw County Michigan | 1 | $ 88,000 | $ 88,000 | $ 35,000 |
Shiawassee County Michigan | 1 | $ 172,000 | $ 172,000 | $ 109,000 |
St. Joseph County Michigan | 1 | $ 60,000 | $ 60,000 | $ 166,000 |
Tuscola County Michigan | 1 | $ 116,000 | $ 116,000 | $ 91,000 |
Wexford County Michigan | 1 | $ 68,000 | $ 68,000 | $ 78,000 |
Christian County Missouri | 1 | $ 967,000 | $ 967,000 | $ 541,000 |
Dade County Missouri | 1 | $ 102,000 | $ 102,000 | $ 40,000 |
Morris County New Jersey | 1 | $ 431,000 | $ 431,000 | $ 164,000 |
Mecklenburg County North Carolina | 1 | $ 417,000 | $ 417,000 | $ 109,000 |
Hamilton County Ohio | 1 | $ 372,000 | $ 372,000 | $ 312,000 |
Clackamas County Oregon | 1 | $ 221,000 | $ 221,000 | $ 342,000 |
Loudon County Tennessee | 1 | $ 300,000 | $ 300,000 | $ 47,000 |
Bastrop County Texas | 1 | $ 417,000 | $ 417,000 | $ 180,000 |
Blanco County Texas | 1 | $ 245,000 | $ 245,000 | $ 653,000 |
Brazos County Texas | 1 | $ 52,000 | $ 52,000 | $ 155,000 |
Burnet County Texas | 1 | $ 45,000 | $ 45,000 | $ 38,000 |
Caldwell County Texas | 1 | $ 128,000 | $ 128,000 | $ 124,000 |
Cameron County Texas | 1 | $ 144,000 | $ 144,000 | $ 266,000 |
Chambers County Texas | 1 | $ 285,000 | $ 285,000 | $ 138,000 |
Colorado County Texas | 1 | $ 87,000 | $ 87,000 | $ 18,000 |
El Paso County Texas | 1 | $ 105,000 | $ 105,000 | $ 44,000 |
Grayson County Texas | 1 | $ 57,000 | $ 57,000 | $ 110,000 |
Hays County Texas | 1 | $ 270,000 | $ 270,000 | $ 111,000 |
Hunt County Texas | 1 | $ 152,000 | $ 152,000 | $ 65,000 |
Johnson County Texas | 1 | $ 344,000 | $ 344,000 | $ 145,000 |
Kerr County Texas | 1 | $ 114,000 | $ 114,000 | $ 41,000 |
Liberty County Texas | 1 | $ 73,000 | $ 73,000 | $ 79,000 |
Marion County Texas | 1 | $ 100,000 | $ 100,000 | $ 132,000 |
Midland County Texas | 1 | $ 178,000 | $ 178,000 | $ 90,000 |
Nueces County Texas | 1 | $ 116,000 | $ 116,000 | $ 112,000 |
Sabine County Texas | 1 | $ 417,000 | $ 417,000 | $ 570,000 |
San Jacinto County Texas | 1 | $ 156,000 | $ 156,000 | $ 568,000 |
Tom Green County Texas | 1 | $ 86,000 | $ 86,000 | $ 205,000 |
Walker County Texas | 1 | $ 200,000 | $ 200,000 | $ 372,000 |
Waller County Texas | 1 | $ 32,000 | $ 32,000 | $ 40,000 |
Washington County Texas | 1 | $ 145,000 | $ 145,000 | $ 45,000 |
Wharton County Texas | 1 | $ 193,000 | $ 193,000 | $ 146,000 |
Wise County Texas | 1 | $ 143,000 | $ 143,000 | $ 104,000 |
The mortgage data stats below are displayed in sortable categories such as loan purpose, race of mortgage applicant, loan type, the outcome of the application, and reason for denial.
Each category breaks down the total number of mortgage applications, the total dollar amount for those applications, the average mortgage amount, the highest mortgage loan applied for within that category,
the average income of the mortgage applicants, and the highest income of the mortgage applicants.
You can also download the entire list of mortgage lenders along with their aggregated lending data for the state of Michigan,
and search the same numbers and information back through 2003.
Loan Purpose |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Refinancing | 2,773 | $576,954,000 | $208,000 | $20,000,000 | $118,000 | $5,675,000 |
Home Purchase | 1,392 | $300,828,000 | $216,000 | $7,000,000 | $142,000 | $9,999,000 |
Home Improvement | 232 | $15,321,000 | $66,000 | $1,726,000 | $104,000 | $4,433,000 |
Applicant Race |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 2,278 | $422,849,000 | $185,000 | $4,500,000 | $121,000 | $5,675,000 |
Not Provided | 1,332 | $340,595,000 | $255,000 | $7,000,000 | $155,000 | $9,999,000 |
Black or African American | 279 | $22,267,000 | $79,000 | $1,000,000 | $59,000 | $1,000,000 |
Hispanic | 241 | $28,477,000 | $118,000 | $620,000 | $82,000 | $1,000,000 |
Asian | 173 | $37,228,000 | $215,000 | $858,000 | $112,000 | $668,000 |
Not applicable | 61 | $36,959,000 | $605,000 | $20,000,000 | $90,000 | $2,780,000 |
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 18 | $2,426,000 | $134,000 | $558,000 | $70,000 | $215,000 |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 15 | $2,302,000 | $153,000 | $396,000 | $172,000 | $1,008,000 |
Loan Type |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conventional (any loan other than FHA, VA, FSA, or RHS loans) | 3,638 | $798,784,000 | $219,000 | $20,000,000 | $139,000 | $9,999,000 |
FHA-insured (Federal Housing Administration) | 757 | $93,981,000 | $124,000 | $709,000 | $56,000 | $925,000 |
VA-guaranteed (Veterans Administration) | 2 | $338,000 | $169,000 | $176,000 | $71,000 | $104,000 |
FSA/RHS (Farm Service Agency or Rural Housing Service) | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Outcome |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loan Originated | 1,568 | $385,749,000 | $246,000 | $20,000,000 | $154,000 | $6,614,000 |
Application Approved But Not Accepted | 1,414 | $264,715,000 | $187,000 | $4,100,000 | $120,000 | $9,999,000 |
Application Denied By Financial Institution | 1,294 | $217,403,000 | $168,000 | $7,000,000 | $90,000 | $5,634,000 |
Loan Purchased By The Institution | 51 | $5,672,000 | $111,000 | $202,000 | $44,000 | $138,000 |
File Closed For Incompleteness | 36 | $3,436,000 | $95,000 | $417,000 | $106,000 | $837,000 |
Application Withdrawn By Applicant | 34 | $16,128,000 | $474,000 | $5,670,000 | $388,000 | $9,999,000 |
Preapproval Approved but not Accepted | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Preapproval Denied by Financial Institution | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Denial Reason |
Total Number of Mortgage Applications | Total Dollar Amount of Mortgage Loan Applications | Average Mortgage Loan Amount | Highest Mortgage Loan Amount | Average Applicant Income | Highest Applicant Income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collateral | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Credit Application Incomplete | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Credit History | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Debt-To-Income Ratio | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Employment History | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Insufficient Cash (Downpayment, Closing Cost) | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Mortgage Insurance Denied | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Other | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Unverifiable Information | 0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
These totals and details for mortgage applications will give you a better idea of what to expect when researching mortgage lenders. Whether you are looking for a home loan, for home refinancing, or for home improvement loan statistics, we have the information you need. This mortgage loan data gives you everything you need to know as you start your search for the best lenders in MI, and gives you an idea of what the best mortgage lenders really are.
If you prefer, you can download a copy of the entire list of mortgage lenders in Michigan, and search similar information at your convenience.